Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8303 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and September 17, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 10.33% are Black/African American, 19.81% are LatinX, and 27.45% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2118)\)
  • No \((N = 4926)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 1001)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 237)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.05 .825
Intend to apply 0.87 .352
No 8.39 .004
Yes 7.22 .007

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.42 .233
Intend to apply 0.27 .606
No 4.66 .031
Yes 3.01 .083

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.85 .174
Intend to apply 1.60 .206
No 0.17 .678
Yes 1.01 .316

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.03 .857
Intend to apply 0.25 .617
No 0.35 .556
Yes 0.08 .783

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 3.15 .076
Intend to apply 6.66 .010
No 47.59 < .001
Yes 65.71 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.11 .744
Intend to apply 0.24 .626
No 6.86 .009
Yes 6.02 .014

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 39.34 < .001
Intend to apply 10.70 .001
No 644.26 < .001
Yes 1034.90 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 50.16 < .001
Intend to apply 15.80 .001
No 741.88 < .001
Yes 1117.62 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 40.99 < .001
Intend to apply 16.37 .001
No 656.84 < .001
Yes 1049.30 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 42.99 < .001
Intend to apply 13.01 .005
No 655.66 < .001
Yes 1046.41 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 42.99 < .001
Intend to apply 13.01 .005
No 655.66 < .001
Yes 1046.41 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1169)\)
    • Food \((N = 482)\)
    • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 277)\)
    • Disability (not military) \((N = 310)\)
    • Military Pension \((N = 6)\)
    • Military Disability \((N = )\)
    • Military Medical Care \((N = 7)\)
    • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 140)\)
    • Housing Subsidy \((N = 65)\)
    • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
    • Other \((N = 39)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 2.32 .128
Food 2.68 .102
Income 0.07 .785
Disability 0.15 .697
Military pension 4.32 .038
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.54 .462
Military 0.29 .592
Housing 0.12 .724
Childcare 0.00 .968
Other 0.11 .739

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.11 .743
Food 0.32 .569
Income 0.00 .968
Disability 0.26 .613
Military pension 0.01 .908
Military disability 0.22 .640
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 6.64 .010
Housing 9.05 .003
Childcare 0.03 .869
Other 0.15 .700

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 4.34 .037
Food 0.23 .629
Income 2.32 .128
Disability 3.93 .048
Military pension 0.27 .606
Military disability 0.04 .846
Military medical 0.15 .700
Military 4.36 .037
Housing 10.42 .001
Childcare 5.20 .023
Other 0.60 .439

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 0.20 .653
Food 0.52 .470
Income 0.71 .399
Disability 3.41 .065
Military pension 0.67 .414
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.01 .927
Housing 0.59 .442
Childcare 2.09 .149
Other 0.51 .475

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 9.60 .002
Food 49.84 < .001
Income 70.82 < .001
Disability 1.09 .297
Military pension 1.38 .239
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 4.85 .028
Military 11.52 .001
Housing 12.82 < .001
Childcare 2.80 .094
Other 0.06 .809

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 2.76 .097
Food 1.14 .286
Income 1.47 .226
Disability 0.60 .440
Military pension 1.76 .185
Military disability 0.76 .382
Military medical 0.01 .925
Military 0.08 .779
Housing 3.91 .048
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 0.73 .393

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 483.74 < .001
Food 186.70 < .001
Income 110.58 < .001
Disability 84.49 < .001
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.05 .830
Military medical 0.71 .401
Military 76.91 < .001
Housing 13.33 < .001
Childcare 1.99 .158
Other 20.20 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 511.44 < .001
Food 192.46 < .001
Income 117.52 < .001
Disability 177.06 < .001
Military pension 5.38 .146
Military disability 1.43 .698
Military medical 2.87 .413
Military 93.88 < .001
Housing 16.73 .001
Childcare 2.63 .453
Other 24.65 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 484.97 < .001
Food 210.89 < .001
Income 163.20 < .001
Disability 84.62 < .001
Military pension 6.68 .083
Military disability 1.20 .753
Military medical 4.19 .241
Military 89.76 < .001
Housing 21.55 < .001
Childcare 3.65 .301
Other 22.79 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 506.29 < .001
Food 198.49 < .001
Income 117.49 < .001
Disability 84.87 < .001
Military pension 4.86 .183
Military disability 14.86 .002
Military medical 3.14 .370
Military 85.17 < .001
Housing 27.47 < .001
Childcare 5.76 .124
Other 30.37 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 484.16 < .001
Food 185.72 < .001
Income 114.53 < .001
Disability 89.19 < .001
Military pension 1.91 .591
Military disability 2.38 .497
Military medical 2.06 .560
Military 79.18 < .001
Housing 19.02 < .001
Childcare 2.90 .407
Other 23.72 < .001

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 5716)\)
    • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 407)\)
    • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 626)\)
    • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 211)\)
    • Other \((N = 71)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.02 .896
No, not expected 0.03 .865
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.01 .914
Yes 0.03 .865

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.51 .218
No, not expected 8.41 .004
Other 0.05 .820
Unsure 7.27 .007
Yes 17.58 < .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.06 .806
No, not expected 0.02 .881
Other 0.94 .331
Unsure 1.60 .205
Yes 0.66 .417

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 3.26 .071
No, not expected 10.01 .002
Other 0.16 .685
Unsure 2.18 .140
Yes 15.71 < .001

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 28.90 < .001
No, not expected 1.24 .265
Other 0.06 .812
Unsure 1.11 .293
Yes 7.60 .006

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.23 .136
No, not expected 4.08 .043
Other 0.07 .794
Unsure 4.67 .031
Yes 12.23 < .001

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 3.32 .068
No, not expected 0.24 .625
Other 35.33 < .001
Unsure 4.66 .031
Yes 0.93 .335

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 6.24 .101
No, not expected 0.77 .857
Other 39.11 < .001
Unsure 10.61 .014
Yes 1.44 .697

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 36.54 < .001
No, not expected 0.63 .890
Other 38.26 < .001
Unsure 7.87 .049
Yes 15.07 .002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 5.62 .132
No, not expected 6.07 .108
Other 41.13 < .001
Unsure 10.09 .018
Yes 13.71 .003

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 5.62 .132
No, not expected 6.07 .108
Other 41.13 < .001
Unsure 10.09 .018
Yes 13.71 .003

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3554)\)
    • Has stayed the same \((N = 3506)\)
    • Has increased \((N = 1195)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 9.38 .002
Increased 7.95 .005
Stayed the same 1.08 .298

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 0.32 .569
Increased 0.11 .735
Stayed the same 0.70 .402

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 6.81 .009
Increased 1.27 .261
Stayed the same 3.19 .074

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 3.27 .071
Increased 3.22 .073
Stayed the same 0.26 .612

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 5.30 .021
Increased 0.06 .811
Stayed the same 6.31 .012

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 20.45 < .001
Increased 0.00 > .999
Stayed the same 20.26 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 102.21 < .001
Increased 2.29 .130
Stayed the same 126.29 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 231.03 < .001
Increased 17.03 .001
Stayed the same 192.37 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 93.53 < .001
Increased 1.88 .597
Stayed the same 110.27 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 102.54 < .001
Increased 2.12 .547
Stayed the same 120.13 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 102.54 < .001
Increased 2.12 .547
Stayed the same 120.13 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2359)\)
    • Minor problems \((N = 4227)\)
    • Major problems \((N = 1312)\)
    • Extreme problems \((N = 394)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 18.37 < .001
Minor 0.10 .752
Major 11.32 .001
Extreme 6.08 .014

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 5.45 .020
Minor 0.04 .851
Major 1.76 .185
Extreme 9.65 .002

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 7.10 .008
Minor 1.76 .184
Major 2.30 .129
Extreme 0.00 .952

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 0.00 > .999
Minor 0.31 .577
Major 1.04 .307
Extreme 0.10 .748

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 27.22 < .001
Minor 0.19 .665
Major 10.31 .001
Extreme 19.03 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 42.60 < .001
Minor 2.24 .135
Major 27.08 < .001
Extreme 1.60 .206

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 444.63 < .001
Minor 1.12 .289
Major 266.36 < .001
Extreme 206.59 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 541.96 < .001
Minor 38.24 < .001
Major 360.84 < .001
Extreme 329.35 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 458.02 < .001
Minor 5.64 .130
Major 271.97 < .001
Extreme 222.27 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.043
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.070
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 475.06 < .001
Minor 3.56 .313
Major 291.07 < .001
Extreme 211.31 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.043
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.070
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 475.06 < .001
Minor 3.56 .313
Major 291.07 < .001
Extreme 211.31 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5858)\)
    • Yes \((N = 2426)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 6.2 .013
Yes 6.2 .013

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 6.66 .010
Yes 6.66 .010

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 3.23 .073
Yes 3.23 .073

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.82 .093
Yes 2.82 .093

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.59 .207
Yes 1.59 .207

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 13.71 < .001
Yes 13.71 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 34.16 < .001
Yes 34.16 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 53.57 < .001
Yes 53.57 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 50.23 < .001
Yes 50.23 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 40.96 < .001
Yes 40.96 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 40.96 < .001
Yes 40.96 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5976)\)
    • Yes \((N = 278)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0 > .999
Yes 0 > .999

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0 > .999
Yes 0 > .999

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 1.66 .197
Yes 1.66 .197

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 1.44 .230
Yes 1.44 .230

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0 > .999
Yes 0 > .999

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 6.31 .012
Yes 6.31 .012

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 12.37 < .001
Yes 12.37 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 34.64 < .001
Yes 34.64 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 14.73 .002
Yes 14.73 .002

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 18.59 < .001
Yes 18.59 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 18.59 < .001
Yes 18.59 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 205)\)
    • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 173)\)
    • Inability to find childcare \((N = 286)\)
    • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1864)\)
    • Caring for family members \((N = 180)\)
    • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 159)\)
    • Other, please describe \((N = 411)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.66 .197
Time away from work 0.42 .519
Inability find childcare 0.05 .822
Concern for covid 1.07 .301
Caring for family 0.00 .983
Vaccine hesitancy 0.69 .407
Other 13.06 < .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 > .999
Time away from work 2.32 .128
Inability find childcare 0.65 .422
Concern for covid 2.19 .139
Caring for family 3.00 .083
Vaccine hesitancy 7.35 .007
Other 0.20 .653

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 2.14 .143
Time away from work 1.99 .158
Inability find childcare 0.29 .588
Concern for covid 2.56 .110
Caring for family 0.57 .450
Vaccine hesitancy 5.55 .018
Other 0.91 .339

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.01 .912
Time away from work 1.25 .263
Inability find childcare 0.00 > .999
Concern for covid 1.04 .309
Caring for family 0.96 .328
Vaccine hesitancy 0.02 .895
Other 7.24 .007

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 2.83 .092
Time away from work 5.82 .016
Inability find childcare 3.79 .052
Concern for covid 3.90 .048
Caring for family 4.78 .029
Vaccine hesitancy 4.44 .035
Other 9.88 .002

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 16.18 < .001
Time away from work 5.42 .020
Inability find childcare 5.21 .022
Concern for covid 18.27 < .001
Caring for family 7.15 .007
Vaccine hesitancy 0.61 .435
Other 8.47 .004

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 3.23 .072
Time away from work 2.51 .113
Inability find childcare 17.18 < .001
Concern for covid 21.38 < .001
Caring for family 17.31 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 7.84 .005
Other 2.58 .108

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 16.10 .001
Time away from work 10.33 .016
Inability find childcare 22.19 < .001
Concern for covid 42.28 < .001
Caring for family 23.84 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 22.58 < .001
Other 5.18 .159

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 10.29 .016
Time away from work 5.94 .114
Inability find childcare 20.81 < .001
Concern for covid 36.01 < .001
Caring for family 28.82 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 27.55 < .001
Other 18.25 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 10.94 .012
Time away from work 4.93 .177
Inability find childcare 23.67 < .001
Concern for covid 35.25 < .001
Caring for family 27.12 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 13.26 .004
Other 9.70 .021

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 6.29 .098
Time away from work 3.73 .292
Inability find childcare 22.08 < .001
Concern for covid 24.65 < .001
Caring for family 18.82 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 11.76 .008
Other 13.99 .003

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2739)\)
    • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1384)\)
    • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3738)\)
    • Unsure \((N = 417)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.58 .445
No, not eligible 6.50 .011
Unsure 0.16 .691
Yes 9.71 .002

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.73 .053
No, not eligible 0.45 .500
Unsure 1.79 .181
Yes 0.02 .889

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.98 .046
No, not eligible 17.78 < .001
Unsure 1.43 .232
Yes 11.82 .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.33 .567
No, not eligible 0.00 .972
Unsure 0.01 .936
Yes 0.10 .747

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.19 .074
No, not eligible 124.91 < .001
Unsure 0.65 .420
Yes 116.27 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 6.95 .008
No, not eligible 79.03 < .001
Unsure 0.16 .693
Yes 50.02 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 7.84 .005
No, not eligible 1115.00 < .001
Unsure 11.64 .001
Yes 1327.02 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 19.74 < .001
No, not eligible 1186.32 < .001
Unsure 15.15 .002
Yes 1388.97 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 22.91 < .001
No, not eligible 1173.93 < .001
Unsure 16.19 .001
Yes 1365.65 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 19.35 < .001
No, not eligible 1165.75 < .001
Unsure 11.62 .009
Yes 1353.71 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 19.35 < .001
No, not eligible 1165.75 < .001
Unsure 11.62 .009
Yes 1353.71 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1930)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1590)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1930)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1515)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 205)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 610)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.58 .445
No, didn’t know how 3.52 .061
No, not available 18.18 < .001
No, planned 0.32 .569
Yes 11.46 .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.83 .050
No, didn’t know how 1.15 .283
No, not available 12.59 < .001
No, planned 0.55 .458
Yes 3.03 .082

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 9.37 .002
No, didn’t know how 1.65 .199
No, not available 0.33 .567
No, planned 1.20 .272
Yes 10.71 .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.10 .148
No, didn’t know how 4.84 .028
No, not available 0.20 .651
No, planned 0.25 .620
Yes 0.82 .366

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.91 .340
No, didn’t know how 0.02 .899
No, not available 15.36 < .001
No, planned 31.10 < .001
Yes 71.17 < .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.00 > .999
No, didn’t know how 0.55 .460
No, not available 12.36 < .001
No, planned 49.19 < .001
Yes 97.48 < .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.00 > .999
No, didn’t know how 10.29 .001
No, not available 82.87 < .001
No, planned 204.99 < .001
Yes 467.96 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.00 > .999
No, didn’t know how 10.29 .001
No, not available 82.87 < .001
No, planned 204.99 < .001
Yes 467.96 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.59 .459
No, didn’t know how 10.97 .012
No, not available 87.77 < .001
No, planned 222.92 < .001
Yes 497.17 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.92 .270
No, didn’t know how 14.80 .002
No, not available 94.35 < .001
No, planned 219.96 < .001
Yes 497.70 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.21 .977
No, didn’t know how 15.98 .001
No, not available 92.61 < .001
No, planned 236.61 < .001
Yes 521.09 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.21 .977
No, didn’t know how 15.98 .001
No, not available 92.61 < .001
No, planned 236.61 < .001
Yes 521.09 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 618)\)
  • Hard \((N = 1022)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4481)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 28.24 < .001
Somewhat hard 10.07 .002
Hard 3.13 .077
Very hard 6.18 .013

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 2.90 .089
Somewhat hard 1.43 .232
Hard 0.26 .612
Very hard 3.45 .063

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 11.25 .001
Somewhat hard 2.02 .155
Hard 2.22 .137
Very hard 4.07 .044

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1.55 .213
Somewhat hard 1.08 .300
Hard 1.57 .210
Very hard 0.85 .356

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 71.57 < .001
Somewhat hard 27.37 < .001
Hard 9.17 .002
Very hard 11.33 .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 83.88 < .001
Somewhat hard 32.43 < .001
Hard 15.15 < .001
Very hard 8.26 .004

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 828.24 < .001
Somewhat hard 170.85 < .001
Hard 198.48 < .001
Very hard 247.11 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 938.01 < .001
Somewhat hard 203.04 < .001
Hard 219.78 < .001
Very hard 320.98 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 870.23 < .001
Somewhat hard 197.73 < .001
Hard 207.05 < .001
Very hard 249.80 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 888.53 < .001
Somewhat hard 196.14 < .001
Hard 219.75 < .001
Very hard 248.97 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 888.53 < .001
Somewhat hard 196.14 < .001
Hard 219.75 < .001
Very hard 248.97 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1856)\)
    • Housing \((N = 1974)\)
    • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
    • Healthcare \((N = 965)\)
    • Social \((N = 897)\)
    • Emotional \((N = 934)\)
    • Childcare \((N = 823)\)
    • Other \((N = 221)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 5.82 .016
House 9.38 .002
Utilities 32.26 < .001
Healthcare 17.83 < .001
Social 0.23 .632
Emotional 4.17 .041
Childcare 4.92 .027
Other 2.86 .091

West

key statistic p.value
Food 0.61 .436
House 0.06 .800
Utilities 12.70 < .001
Healthcare 0.35 .555
Social 0.93 .334
Emotional 1.75 .186
Childcare 0.41 .520
Other 0.22 .638

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 10.07 .002
House 7.25 .007
Utilities 7.85 .005
Healthcare 16.71 < .001
Social 0.60 .439
Emotional 1.39 .238
Childcare 7.33 .007
Other 1.84 .175

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 0.77 .381
House 1.96 .162
Utilities 0.02 .875
Healthcare 0.26 .611
Social 0.04 .842
Emotional 0.01 .903
Childcare 0.70 .404
Other 0.00 .946

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 29.09 < .001
House 20.66 < .001
Utilities 45.90 < .001
Healthcare 0.09 .770
Social 0.00 .976
Emotional 0.00 .983
Childcare 26.03 < .001
Other 2.18 .140

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 35.59 < .001
House 49.70 < .001
Utilities 40.40 < .001
Healthcare 13.95 < .001
Social 0.03 .858
Emotional 0.19 .664
Childcare 2.47 .116
Other 0.00 > .999

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 291.96 < .001
House 369.82 < .001
Utilities 737.26 < .001
Healthcare 0.77 .381
Social 155.86 < .001
Emotional 188.19 < .001
Childcare 35.73 < .001
Other 83.74 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 338.03 < .001
House 471.90 < .001
Utilities 865.75 < .001
Healthcare 25.96 < .001
Social 175.39 < .001
Emotional 209.61 < .001
Childcare 35.84 < .001
Other 98.40 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 313.29 < .001
House 386.26 < .001
Utilities 768.87 < .001
Healthcare 1.90 .593
Social 166.16 < .001
Emotional 195.97 < .001
Childcare 59.72 < .001
Other 85.40 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 320.23 < .001
House 397.48 < .001
Utilities 758.48 < .001
Healthcare 22.38 < .001
Social 175.16 < .001
Emotional 219.73 < .001
Childcare 46.46 < .001
Other 87.87 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 301.15 < .001
House 387.16 < .001
Utilities 750.45 < .001
Healthcare 17.12 .001
Social 167.33 < .001
Emotional 188.54 < .001
Childcare 40.07 < .001
Other 88.25 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4596)\)
    • 1 \((N = 825)\)
    • 2 \((N = 1071)\)
    • 3 \((N = 894)\)
    • 4 \((N = 484)\)
    • 5 \((N = 254)\)
    • 6 \((N = 110)\)
    • 7 \((N = 64)\)
    • 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 28.23 < .001
1 2.32 .128
2 4.85 .028
3 6.53 .011
4 1.74 .187
5 0.06 .808
6 6.05 .014

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 3.04 .081
1 1.32 .251
2 1.25 .264
3 0.05 .817
4 0.00 > .999
5 0.80 .371
6 1.85 .173

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 12.46 < .001
1 0.08 .771
2 0.43 .512
3 6.57 .010
4 4.63 .031
5 0.03 .860
6 2.90 .089

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.10 .295
1 0.60 .439
2 0.45 .504
3 0.11 .744
4 0.15 .701
5 0.14 .712
6 0.02 .885

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 72.33 < .001
1 25.72 < .001
2 17.65 < .001
3 7.83 .005
4 0.98 .322
5 0.35 .555
6 2.97 .085

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 81.64 < .001
1 24.28 < .001
2 23.08 < .001
3 12.50 < .001
4 0.03 .874
5 0.38 .536
6 1.92 .165

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 802.12 < .001
1 74.45 < .001
2 184.13 < .001
3 120.87 < .001
4 63.16 < .001
5 36.06 < .001
6 24.80 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 917.76 < .001
1 96.47 < .001
2 215.61 < .001
3 135.72 < .001
4 76.01 < .001
5 49.51 < .001
6 38.13 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 846.11 < .001
1 90.23 < .001
2 190.98 < .001
3 134.94 < .001
4 68.45 < .001
5 38.49 < .001
6 28.64 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.00
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.00
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.00
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.00
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.41
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.00

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 862.59 < .001
1 90.40 < .001
2 199.65 < .001
3 132.76 < .001
4 68.91 < .001
5 39.72 < .001
6 33.04 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.203
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 862.59 < .001
1 90.40 < .001
2 199.65 < .001
3 132.76 < .001
4 68.91 < .001
5 39.72 < .001
6 33.04 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 28.23 < .001
1+ 28.23 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 3.04 .081
1+ 3.04 .081

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 12.46 < .001
1+ 12.46 < .001

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.1 .295
1+ 1.1 .295

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 72.33 < .001
1+ 72.33 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 81.64 < .001
1+ 81.64 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 802.12 < .001
1+ 802.12 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 917.76 < .001
1+ 917.76 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 846.11 < .001
1+ 846.11 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.731
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 862.59 < .001
1+ 862.59 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.461
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 862.59 < .001
1+ 862.59 < .001