Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8303 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and September 17, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 10.33% are Black/African American, 19.81% are LatinX, and 27.45% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2118)\)
• No \((N = 4926)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 1001)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 237)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.05	.825
Intend to apply	0.87	.352
No	8.39	.004
Yes	7.22	.007

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.42	.233
Intend to apply	0.27	.606
No	4.66	.031
Yes	3.01	.083

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.85	.174
Intend to apply	1.60	.206
No	0.17	.678
Yes	1.01	.316

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.03	.857
Intend to apply	0.25	.617
No	0.35	.556
Yes	0.08	.783

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	3.15	.076
Intend to apply	6.66	.010
No	47.59	< .001
Yes	65.71	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.11	.744
Intend to apply	0.24	.626
No	6.86	.009
Yes	6.02	.014

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	39.34	< .001
Intend to apply	10.70	.001
No	644.26	< .001
Yes	1034.90	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	50.16	< .001
Intend to apply	15.80	.001
No	741.88	< .001
Yes	1117.62	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	40.99	< .001
Intend to apply	16.37	.001
No	656.84	< .001
Yes	1049.30	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	42.99	< .001
Intend to apply	13.01	.005
No	655.66	< .001
Yes	1046.41	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	42.99	< .001
Intend to apply	13.01	.005
No	655.66	< .001
Yes	1046.41	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-2.41	-5.94	1.12	.538
Didn’t Qualify - No	4.82	3.12	6.51	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-3.29	-5.17	-1.42	.003
Intend to apply - No	7.23	3.98	10.48	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	-0.88	-4.23	2.46	.955
No - Yes	-8.11	-9.38	-6.84	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1169)\)
  • Food \((N = 482)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 277)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 310)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 6)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 7)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 140)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 65)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
  • Other \((N = 39)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.32	.128
Food	2.68	.102
Income	0.07	.785
Disability	0.15	.697
Military pension	4.32	.038
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.54	.462
Military	0.29	.592
Housing	0.12	.724
Childcare	0.00	.968
Other	0.11	.739

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.11	.743
Food	0.32	.569
Income	0.00	.968
Disability	0.26	.613
Military pension	0.01	.908
Military disability	0.22	.640
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	6.64	.010
Housing	9.05	.003
Childcare	0.03	.869
Other	0.15	.700

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	4.34	.037
Food	0.23	.629
Income	2.32	.128
Disability	3.93	.048
Military pension	0.27	.606
Military disability	0.04	.846
Military medical	0.15	.700
Military	4.36	.037
Housing	10.42	.001
Childcare	5.20	.023
Other	0.60	.439

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.20	.653
Food	0.52	.470
Income	0.71	.399
Disability	3.41	.065
Military pension	0.67	.414
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.01	.927
Housing	0.59	.442
Childcare	2.09	.149
Other	0.51	.475

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	9.60	.002
Food	49.84	< .001
Income	70.82	< .001
Disability	1.09	.297
Military pension	1.38	.239
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	4.85	.028
Military	11.52	.001
Housing	12.82	< .001
Childcare	2.80	.094
Other	0.06	.809

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.76	.097
Food	1.14	.286
Income	1.47	.226
Disability	0.60	.440
Military pension	1.76	.185
Military disability	0.76	.382
Military medical	0.01	.925
Military	0.08	.779
Housing	3.91	.048
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	0.73	.393

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	483.74	< .001
Food	186.70	< .001
Income	110.58	< .001
Disability	84.49	< .001
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.05	.830
Military medical	0.71	.401
Military	76.91	< .001
Housing	13.33	< .001
Childcare	1.99	.158
Other	20.20	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	511.44	< .001
Food	192.46	< .001
Income	117.52	< .001
Disability	177.06	< .001
Military pension	5.38	.146
Military disability	1.43	.698
Military medical	2.87	.413
Military	93.88	< .001
Housing	16.73	.001
Childcare	2.63	.453
Other	24.65	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	484.97	< .001
Food	210.89	< .001
Income	163.20	< .001
Disability	84.62	< .001
Military pension	6.68	.083
Military disability	1.20	.753
Military medical	4.19	.241
Military	89.76	< .001
Housing	21.55	< .001
Childcare	3.65	.301
Other	22.79	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	506.29	< .001
Food	198.49	< .001
Income	117.49	< .001
Disability	84.87	< .001
Military pension	4.86	.183
Military disability	14.86	.002
Military medical	3.14	.370
Military	85.17	< .001
Housing	27.47	< .001
Childcare	5.76	.124
Other	30.37	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	484.16	< .001
Food	185.72	< .001
Income	114.53	< .001
Disability	89.19	< .001
Military pension	1.91	.591
Military disability	2.38	.497
Military medical	2.06	.560
Military	79.18	< .001
Housing	19.02	< .001
Childcare	2.90	.407
Other	23.72	< .001

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 5716)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 407)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 626)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 211)\)
  • Other \((N = 71)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.02	.896
No, not expected	0.03	.865
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.01	.914
Yes	0.03	.865

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.51	.218
No, not expected	8.41	.004
Other	0.05	.820
Unsure	7.27	.007
Yes	17.58	< .001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.06	.806
No, not expected	0.02	.881
Other	0.94	.331
Unsure	1.60	.205
Yes	0.66	.417

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	3.26	.071
No, not expected	10.01	.002
Other	0.16	.685
Unsure	2.18	.140
Yes	15.71	< .001

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	28.90	< .001
No, not expected	1.24	.265
Other	0.06	.812
Unsure	1.11	.293
Yes	7.60	.006

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.23	.136
No, not expected	4.08	.043
Other	0.07	.794
Unsure	4.67	.031
Yes	12.23	< .001

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	3.32	.068
No, not expected	0.24	.625
Other	35.33	< .001
Unsure	4.66	.031
Yes	0.93	.335

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	6.24	.101
No, not expected	0.77	.857
Other	39.11	< .001
Unsure	10.61	.014
Yes	1.44	.697

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	36.54	< .001
No, not expected	0.63	.890
Other	38.26	< .001
Unsure	7.87	.049
Yes	15.07	.002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	5.62	.132
No, not expected	6.07	.108
Other	41.13	< .001
Unsure	10.09	.018
Yes	13.71	.003

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	5.62	.132
No, not expected	6.07	.108
Other	41.13	< .001
Unsure	10.09	.018
Yes	13.71	.003

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	-0.63	-3.74	2.48	.995
No, expected - Other	-2.33	-8.62	3.95	.950
No, expected - Unsure	-0.49	-4.63	3.66	.999
No, expected - Yes	-0.62	-3.12	1.89	.989
No, not expected - Other	-1.70	-7.82	4.42	.983
No, not expected - Unsure	0.14	-3.75	4.03	> .999
No, not expected - Yes	0.01	-2.04	2.07	> .999
Other - Unsure	1.85	-4.86	8.55	.983
Other - Yes	1.71	-4.12	7.55	.979
Unsure - Yes	-0.13	-3.56	3.29	> .999

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3554)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3506)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 1195)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	9.38	.002
Increased	7.95	.005
Stayed the same	1.08	.298

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	0.32	.569
Increased	0.11	.735
Stayed the same	0.70	.402

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	6.81	.009
Increased	1.27	.261
Stayed the same	3.19	.074

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	3.27	.071
Increased	3.22	.073
Stayed the same	0.26	.612

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	5.30	.021
Increased	0.06	.811
Stayed the same	6.31	.012

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	20.45	< .001
Increased	0.00	> .999
Stayed the same	20.26	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	102.21	< .001
Increased	2.29	.130
Stayed the same	126.29	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	231.03	< .001
Increased	17.03	.001
Stayed the same	192.37	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	93.53	< .001
Increased	1.88	.597
Stayed the same	110.27	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	102.54	< .001
Increased	2.12	.547
Stayed the same	120.13	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	102.54	< .001
Increased	2.12	.547
Stayed the same	120.13	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	6.00	4.37	7.62	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.90	7.74	10.06	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	2.91	1.28	4.54	.001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.83	-7.61	-2.06	.001
Decreased	-5.15	-7.78	-2.52	< .001
Increased	-1.20	-5.74	3.34	.604

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	0.94	-1.19	3.06	.777
Decreased	-3.48	-5.49	-1.47	.002
Increased	-0.24	-3.75	3.28	.896

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.67	1.66	5.68	< .001
Decreased	6.15	4.33	7.96	< .001
Increased	7.73	4.53	10.92	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	16.15	12.85	19.46	< .001
Decreased	8.63	5.36	11.89	< .001
Increased	19.52	15.65	23.39	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	0.28	-1.65	2.20	.958
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.85	4.47	7.22	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	5.57	3.64	7.50	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.61	-8.88	-2.34	.002
Decreased	-5.68	-8.78	-2.58	.001
Increased	6.54	1.11	11.96	.018

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	2.46	-0.05	4.96	.165
Decreased	-0.67	-3.05	1.70	.828
Increased	1.76	-2.46	5.98	.828

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.31	1.94	6.68	.001
Decreased	3.35	1.19	5.52	.002
Increased	8.55	4.68	12.41	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	20.49	16.60	24.37	< .001
Decreased	13.65	9.80	17.50	< .001
Increased	24.86	20.23	29.49	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	3.12	1.60	4.63	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	7.39	6.31	8.47	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.27	2.75	5.79	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.26	-7.84	-2.68	< .001
Decreased	-5.43	-7.86	-3.00	< .001
Increased	2.64	-1.66	6.94	.229

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	1.71	-0.27	3.69	.181
Decreased	-2.04	-3.90	-0.18	.094
Increased	0.86	-2.46	4.19	.611

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.95	2.08	5.81	< .001
Decreased	4.74	3.06	6.43	< .001
Increased	8.10	5.08	11.12	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	18.33	15.27	21.39	< .001
Decreased	11.12	8.10	14.13	< .001
Increased	22.19	18.59	25.78	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2359)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 4227)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1312)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 394)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	18.37	< .001
Minor	0.10	.752
Major	11.32	.001
Extreme	6.08	.014

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	5.45	.020
Minor	0.04	.851
Major	1.76	.185
Extreme	9.65	.002

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	7.10	.008
Minor	1.76	.184
Major	2.30	.129
Extreme	0.00	.952

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	0.00	> .999
Minor	0.31	.577
Major	1.04	.307
Extreme	0.10	.748

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	27.22	< .001
Minor	0.19	.665
Major	10.31	.001
Extreme	19.03	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	42.60	< .001
Minor	2.24	.135
Major	27.08	< .001
Extreme	1.60	.206

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	444.63	< .001
Minor	1.12	.289
Major	266.36	< .001
Extreme	206.59	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	541.96	< .001
Minor	38.24	< .001
Major	360.84	< .001
Extreme	329.35	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	458.02	< .001
Minor	5.64	.130
Major	271.97	< .001
Extreme	222.27	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.043
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.070
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	475.06	< .001
Minor	3.56	.313
Major	291.07	< .001
Extreme	211.31	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.043
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.070
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	475.06	< .001
Minor	3.56	.313
Major	291.07	< .001
Extreme	211.31	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.99	-11.18	-8.80	< .001
None - Major	-21.85	-23.44	-20.26	< .001
None - Extreme	-33.31	-35.83	-30.79	< .001
Minor - Major	-11.86	-13.33	-10.40	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-23.32	-25.76	-20.89	< .001
Major - Extreme	-11.46	-14.12	-8.80	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.81	-7.32	-0.30	.034
Major	-4.92	-8.70	-1.14	.022
Minor	-7.11	-9.44	-4.79	< .001
Extreme	-10.04	-16.92	-3.17	.013

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-0.46	-3.04	2.13	.730
Major	-4.26	-7.19	-1.34	.017
Minor	-2.31	-4.09	-0.54	.032
Extreme	-3.08	-9.33	3.17	.670

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-0.74	-3.62	2.14	> .999
Major	1.75	-0.99	4.49	.845
Minor	0.42	-1.23	2.07	> .999
Extreme	-2.09	-8.13	3.95	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	18.35	13.67	23.04	< .001
Major	4.82	0.92	8.72	.031
Minor	11.09	8.42	13.76	< .001
Extreme	5.92	-1.35	13.19	.111

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-8.26	-9.71	-6.81	< .001
None - Major	-17.34	-19.28	-15.39	< .001
None - Extreme	-22.30	-25.37	-19.23	< .001
Minor - Major	-9.08	-10.86	-7.29	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-14.04	-17.01	-11.07	< .001
Major - Extreme	-4.96	-8.21	-1.72	.014

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.52	-7.67	0.62	.288
Major	-3.55	-8.48	1.37	.315
Minor	-6.60	-9.42	-3.78	< .001
Extreme	-4.31	-12.90	4.29	.326

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	2.24	-0.81	5.29	.602
Major	-1.28	-5.10	2.53	> .999
Minor	-0.17	-2.33	1.98	> .999
Extreme	-0.74	-8.53	7.04	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	4.49	1.08	7.91	.040
Major	2.87	-0.69	6.42	.342
Minor	-1.16	-3.16	0.83	.506
Extreme	-2.53	-10.12	5.06	.514

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	19.93	14.39	25.46	< .001
Major	13.92	8.88	18.97	< .001
Minor	16.53	13.30	19.75	< .001
Extreme	19.06	10.24	27.87	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.15	-10.27	-8.04	< .001
None - Major	-19.61	-21.10	-18.11	< .001
None - Extreme	-27.83	-30.19	-25.47	< .001
Minor - Major	-10.46	-11.83	-9.09	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-18.68	-20.96	-16.39	< .001
Major - Extreme	-8.22	-10.71	-5.73	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.73	-6.98	-0.48	.070
Major	-4.23	-7.88	-0.58	.070
Minor	-6.88	-9.05	-4.71	< .001
Extreme	-7.18	-13.63	-0.72	.070

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	0.91	-1.48	3.31	.910
Major	-2.77	-5.59	0.06	.220
Minor	-1.20	-2.86	0.46	.472
Extreme	-1.89	-7.73	3.94	.910

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	1.83	-0.84	4.51	.538
Major	2.29	-0.33	4.91	.346
Minor	-0.42	-1.95	1.12	.845
Extreme	-2.30	-7.93	3.32	.845

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	19.16	14.83	23.49	< .001
Major	9.33	5.59	13.07	< .001
Minor	13.83	11.35	16.31	< .001
Extreme	12.48	5.77	19.19	< .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5858)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2426)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	6.2	.013
Yes	6.2	.013

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	6.66	.010
Yes	6.66	.010

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	3.23	.073
Yes	3.23	.073

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.82	.093
Yes	2.82	.093

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.59	.207
Yes	1.59	.207

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	13.71	< .001
Yes	13.71	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	34.16	< .001
Yes	34.16	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	53.57	< .001
Yes	53.57	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	50.23	< .001
Yes	50.23	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	40.96	< .001
Yes	40.96	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	40.96	< .001
Yes	40.96	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-8.56	-9.73	-7.38	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 5976)\)
  • Yes \((N = 278)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0	> .999
Yes	0	> .999

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0	> .999
Yes	0	> .999

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	1.66	.197
Yes	1.66	.197

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	1.44	.230
Yes	1.44	.230

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0	> .999
Yes	0	> .999

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	6.31	.012
Yes	6.31	.012

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	12.37	< .001
Yes	12.37	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	34.64	< .001
Yes	34.64	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	14.73	.002
Yes	14.73	.002

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	18.59	< .001
Yes	18.59	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	18.59	< .001
Yes	18.59	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-12.19	-15.19	-9.2	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 205)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 173)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 286)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1864)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 180)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 159)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 411)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.66	.197
Time away from work	0.42	.519
Inability find childcare	0.05	.822
Concern for covid	1.07	.301
Caring for family	0.00	.983
Vaccine hesitancy	0.69	.407
Other	13.06	< .001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	> .999
Time away from work	2.32	.128
Inability find childcare	0.65	.422
Concern for covid	2.19	.139
Caring for family	3.00	.083
Vaccine hesitancy	7.35	.007
Other	0.20	.653

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	2.14	.143
Time away from work	1.99	.158
Inability find childcare	0.29	.588
Concern for covid	2.56	.110
Caring for family	0.57	.450
Vaccine hesitancy	5.55	.018
Other	0.91	.339

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.01	.912
Time away from work	1.25	.263
Inability find childcare	0.00	> .999
Concern for covid	1.04	.309
Caring for family	0.96	.328
Vaccine hesitancy	0.02	.895
Other	7.24	.007

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	2.83	.092
Time away from work	5.82	.016
Inability find childcare	3.79	.052
Concern for covid	3.90	.048
Caring for family	4.78	.029
Vaccine hesitancy	4.44	.035
Other	9.88	.002

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	16.18	< .001
Time away from work	5.42	.020
Inability find childcare	5.21	.022
Concern for covid	18.27	< .001
Caring for family	7.15	.007
Vaccine hesitancy	0.61	.435
Other	8.47	.004

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	3.23	.072
Time away from work	2.51	.113
Inability find childcare	17.18	< .001
Concern for covid	21.38	< .001
Caring for family	17.31	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	7.84	.005
Other	2.58	.108

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	16.10	.001
Time away from work	10.33	.016
Inability find childcare	22.19	< .001
Concern for covid	42.28	< .001
Caring for family	23.84	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	22.58	< .001
Other	5.18	.159

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	10.29	.016
Time away from work	5.94	.114
Inability find childcare	20.81	< .001
Concern for covid	36.01	< .001
Caring for family	28.82	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	27.55	< .001
Other	18.25	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	10.94	.012
Time away from work	4.93	.177
Inability find childcare	23.67	< .001
Concern for covid	35.25	< .001
Caring for family	27.12	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	13.26	.004
Other	9.70	.021

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	6.29	.098
Time away from work	3.73	.292
Inability find childcare	22.08	< .001
Concern for covid	24.65	< .001
Caring for family	18.82	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	11.76	.008
Other	13.99	.003

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2739)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1384)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3738)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 417)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.58	.445
No, not eligible	6.50	.011
Unsure	0.16	.691
Yes	9.71	.002

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.73	.053
No, not eligible	0.45	.500
Unsure	1.79	.181
Yes	0.02	.889

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.98	.046
No, not eligible	17.78	< .001
Unsure	1.43	.232
Yes	11.82	.001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.33	.567
No, not eligible	0.00	.972
Unsure	0.01	.936
Yes	0.10	.747

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.19	.074
No, not eligible	124.91	< .001
Unsure	0.65	.420
Yes	116.27	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	6.95	.008
No, not eligible	79.03	< .001
Unsure	0.16	.693
Yes	50.02	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	7.84	.005
No, not eligible	1115.00	< .001
Unsure	11.64	.001
Yes	1327.02	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	19.74	< .001
No, not eligible	1186.32	< .001
Unsure	15.15	.002
Yes	1388.97	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	22.91	< .001
No, not eligible	1173.93	< .001
Unsure	16.19	.001
Yes	1365.65	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	19.35	< .001
No, not eligible	1165.75	< .001
Unsure	11.62	.009
Yes	1353.71	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	19.35	< .001
No, not eligible	1165.75	< .001
Unsure	11.62	.009
Yes	1353.71	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	2.41	0.86	3.96	.012
No, know how - Unsure	-1.75	-4.50	0.99	.593
No, know how - Yes	-2.73	-4.35	-1.11	.005
No, not eligible - Unsure	-4.16	-6.70	-1.63	.007
No, not eligible - Yes	-5.14	-6.37	-3.90	< .001
Unsure - Yes	-0.97	-3.56	1.61	.882

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1930)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1590)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1930)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1515)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 205)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 610)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.58	.445
No, didn’t know how	3.52	.061
No, not available	18.18	< .001
No, planned	0.32	.569
Yes	11.46	.001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.83	.050
No, didn’t know how	1.15	.283
No, not available	12.59	< .001
No, planned	0.55	.458
Yes	3.03	.082

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	9.37	.002
No, didn’t know how	1.65	.199
No, not available	0.33	.567
No, planned	1.20	.272
Yes	10.71	.001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.10	.148
No, didn’t know how	4.84	.028
No, not available	0.20	.651
No, planned	0.25	.620
Yes	0.82	.366

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.91	.340
No, didn’t know how	0.02	.899
No, not available	15.36	< .001
No, planned	31.10	< .001
Yes	71.17	< .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.00	> .999
No, didn’t know how	0.55	.460
No, not available	12.36	< .001
No, planned	49.19	< .001
Yes	97.48	< .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.00	> .999
No, didn’t know how	10.29	.001
No, not available	82.87	< .001
No, planned	204.99	< .001
Yes	467.96	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.00	> .999
No, didn’t know how	10.29	.001
No, not available	82.87	< .001
No, planned	204.99	< .001
Yes	467.96	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.59	.459
No, didn’t know how	10.97	.012
No, not available	87.77	< .001
No, planned	222.92	< .001
Yes	497.17	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.92	.270
No, didn’t know how	14.80	.002
No, not available	94.35	< .001
No, planned	219.96	< .001
Yes	497.70	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.21	.977
No, didn’t know how	15.98	.001
No, not available	92.61	< .001
No, planned	236.61	< .001
Yes	521.09	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.21	.977
No, didn’t know how	15.98	.001
No, not available	92.61	< .001
No, planned	236.61	< .001
Yes	521.09	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
N/A - No, didn’t know how	-0.96	-4.94	3.02	.990
N/A - No, not available	4.34	1.99	6.68	.003
N/A - No, planned	3.01	0.65	5.37	.092
N/A - Yes	-0.84	-3.13	1.45	.953
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	5.30	1.64	8.96	.036
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	3.97	0.30	7.64	.211
No, didn’t know how - Yes	0.12	-3.50	3.74	> .999
No, not available - No, planned	-1.33	-3.10	0.44	.580
No, not available - Yes	-5.18	-6.84	-3.51	< .001
No, planned - Yes	-3.85	-5.54	-2.15	< .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 618)\)
• Hard \((N = 1022)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4481)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	28.24	< .001
Somewhat hard	10.07	.002
Hard	3.13	.077
Very hard	6.18	.013

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	2.90	.089
Somewhat hard	1.43	.232
Hard	0.26	.612
Very hard	3.45	.063

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	11.25	.001
Somewhat hard	2.02	.155
Hard	2.22	.137
Very hard	4.07	.044

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1.55	.213
Somewhat hard	1.08	.300
Hard	1.57	.210
Very hard	0.85	.356

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	71.57	< .001
Somewhat hard	27.37	< .001
Hard	9.17	.002
Very hard	11.33	.001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	83.88	< .001
Somewhat hard	32.43	< .001
Hard	15.15	< .001
Very hard	8.26	.004

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	828.24	< .001
Somewhat hard	170.85	< .001
Hard	198.48	< .001
Very hard	247.11	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	938.01	< .001
Somewhat hard	203.04	< .001
Hard	219.78	< .001
Very hard	320.98	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	870.23	< .001
Somewhat hard	197.73	< .001
Hard	207.05	< .001
Very hard	249.80	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	888.53	< .001
Somewhat hard	196.14	< .001
Hard	219.75	< .001
Very hard	248.97	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	888.53	< .001
Somewhat hard	196.14	< .001
Hard	219.75	< .001
Very hard	248.97	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.49	-11.70	-9.27	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-17.35	-18.96	-15.74	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-25.92	-27.91	-23.92	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.86	-8.63	-5.10	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-15.43	-17.55	-13.31	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.57	-10.94	-6.20	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-7.06	-9.61	-4.51	< .001
Very hard	-6.08	-11.64	-0.52	.033
Somewhat hard	-6.21	-9.24	-3.17	< .001
Hard	-5.30	-9.53	-1.06	.029

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.93	-3.78	-0.07	.127
Very hard	-6.59	-11.13	-2.05	.018
Somewhat hard	-2.34	-4.76	0.09	.127
Hard	-2.81	-6.16	0.54	.127

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.58	-2.46	1.30	> .999
Very hard	-0.25	-4.77	4.28	> .999
Somewhat hard	1.15	-1.14	3.43	> .999
Hard	0.20	-3.02	3.42	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	9.53	5.87	13.19	< .001
Very hard	6.05	0.94	11.16	.041
Somewhat hard	11.70	7.99	15.41	< .001
Hard	3.95	0.23	7.67	.041

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-8.87	-10.34	-7.39	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-14.89	-16.85	-12.93	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-18.50	-20.92	-16.08	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.03	-8.17	-3.88	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-9.63	-12.20	-7.06	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-3.61	-6.48	-0.73	.067

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.99	-9.03	-2.95	< .001
Very hard	-6.50	-13.78	0.77	.161
Somewhat hard	-5.82	-9.47	-2.17	.005
Hard	-2.94	-8.24	2.36	.277

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.61	-1.60	2.83	> .999
Very hard	1.46	-4.52	7.43	> .999
Somewhat hard	-2.30	-5.21	0.62	.489
Hard	1.29	-2.92	5.50	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.22	-0.03	4.47	.215
Very hard	-2.71	-8.54	3.12	> .999
Somewhat hard	-1.35	-4.09	1.40	> .999
Hard	-0.74	-4.78	3.31	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	15.87	11.52	20.22	< .001
Very hard	10.71	4.06	17.36	.002
Somewhat hard	18.01	13.58	22.44	< .001
Hard	13.42	8.80	18.04	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.68	-10.82	-8.55	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-16.16	-17.66	-14.65	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-22.22	-24.08	-20.35	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.47	-8.12	-4.82	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-12.53	-14.52	-10.55	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-6.06	-8.28	-3.85	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-6.56	-8.93	-4.20	< .001
Very hard	-6.29	-11.63	-0.96	.042
Somewhat hard	-6.01	-8.85	-3.17	< .001
Hard	-4.15	-8.14	-0.16	.042

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.65	-2.37	1.08	.923
Very hard	-2.56	-6.93	1.81	.756
Somewhat hard	-2.32	-4.58	-0.05	.181
Hard	-0.65	-3.81	2.50	.923

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.77	-0.97	2.51	> .999
Very hard	-1.47	-5.75	2.80	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.10	-2.24	2.03	> .999
Hard	-0.34	-3.35	2.66	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	12.71	9.32	16.09	< .001
Very hard	8.38	3.49	13.26	.001
Somewhat hard	14.85	11.41	18.29	< .001
Hard	8.65	5.18	12.12	< .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1856)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1974)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 965)\)
  • Social \((N = 897)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 934)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 823)\)
  • Other \((N = 221)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	5.82	.016
House	9.38	.002
Utilities	32.26	< .001
Healthcare	17.83	< .001
Social	0.23	.632
Emotional	4.17	.041
Childcare	4.92	.027
Other	2.86	.091

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.61	.436
House	0.06	.800
Utilities	12.70	< .001
Healthcare	0.35	.555
Social	0.93	.334
Emotional	1.75	.186
Childcare	0.41	.520
Other	0.22	.638

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	10.07	.002
House	7.25	.007
Utilities	7.85	.005
Healthcare	16.71	< .001
Social	0.60	.439
Emotional	1.39	.238
Childcare	7.33	.007
Other	1.84	.175

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.77	.381
House	1.96	.162
Utilities	0.02	.875
Healthcare	0.26	.611
Social	0.04	.842
Emotional	0.01	.903
Childcare	0.70	.404
Other	0.00	.946

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	29.09	< .001
House	20.66	< .001
Utilities	45.90	< .001
Healthcare	0.09	.770
Social	0.00	.976
Emotional	0.00	.983
Childcare	26.03	< .001
Other	2.18	.140

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	35.59	< .001
House	49.70	< .001
Utilities	40.40	< .001
Healthcare	13.95	< .001
Social	0.03	.858
Emotional	0.19	.664
Childcare	2.47	.116
Other	0.00	> .999

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	291.96	< .001
House	369.82	< .001
Utilities	737.26	< .001
Healthcare	0.77	.381
Social	155.86	< .001
Emotional	188.19	< .001
Childcare	35.73	< .001
Other	83.74	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	338.03	< .001
House	471.90	< .001
Utilities	865.75	< .001
Healthcare	25.96	< .001
Social	175.39	< .001
Emotional	209.61	< .001
Childcare	35.84	< .001
Other	98.40	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	313.29	< .001
House	386.26	< .001
Utilities	768.87	< .001
Healthcare	1.90	.593
Social	166.16	< .001
Emotional	195.97	< .001
Childcare	59.72	< .001
Other	85.40	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	320.23	< .001
House	397.48	< .001
Utilities	758.48	< .001
Healthcare	22.38	< .001
Social	175.16	< .001
Emotional	219.73	< .001
Childcare	46.46	< .001
Other	87.87	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	301.15	< .001
House	387.16	< .001
Utilities	750.45	< .001
Healthcare	17.12	.001
Social	167.33	< .001
Emotional	188.54	< .001
Childcare	40.07	< .001
Other	88.25	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4596)\)
  • 1 \((N = 825)\)
  • 2 \((N = 1071)\)
  • 3 \((N = 894)\)
  • 4 \((N = 484)\)
  • 5 \((N = 254)\)
  • 6 \((N = 110)\)
  • 7 \((N = 64)\)
  • 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	28.23	< .001
1	2.32	.128
2	4.85	.028
3	6.53	.011
4	1.74	.187
5	0.06	.808
6	6.05	.014

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	3.04	.081
1	1.32	.251
2	1.25	.264
3	0.05	.817
4	0.00	> .999
5	0.80	.371
6	1.85	.173

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	12.46	< .001
1	0.08	.771
2	0.43	.512
3	6.57	.010
4	4.63	.031
5	0.03	.860
6	2.90	.089

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.10	.295
1	0.60	.439
2	0.45	.504
3	0.11	.744
4	0.15	.701
5	0.14	.712
6	0.02	.885

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	72.33	< .001
1	25.72	< .001
2	17.65	< .001
3	7.83	.005
4	0.98	.322
5	0.35	.555
6	2.97	.085

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	81.64	< .001
1	24.28	< .001
2	23.08	< .001
3	12.50	< .001
4	0.03	.874
5	0.38	.536
6	1.92	.165

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	802.12	< .001
1	74.45	< .001
2	184.13	< .001
3	120.87	< .001
4	63.16	< .001
5	36.06	< .001
6	24.80	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	917.76	< .001
1	96.47	< .001
2	215.61	< .001
3	135.72	< .001
4	76.01	< .001
5	49.51	< .001
6	38.13	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	846.11	< .001
1	90.23	< .001
2	190.98	< .001
3	134.94	< .001
4	68.45	< .001
5	38.49	< .001
6	28.64	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.00
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.00
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.00
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.00
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.41
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.00

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	862.59	< .001
1	90.40	< .001
2	199.65	< .001
3	132.76	< .001
4	68.91	< .001
5	39.72	< .001
6	33.04	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.203
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	862.59	< .001
1	90.40	< .001
2	199.65	< .001
3	132.76	< .001
4	68.91	< .001
5	39.72	< .001
6	33.04	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.22	4.91	5.54	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.28	3.9	4.66	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.75	4.46	5.05	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	28.23	< .001
1+	28.23	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	3.04	.081
1+	3.04	.081

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	12.46	< .001
1+	12.46	< .001

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.1	.295
1+	1.1	.295

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	72.33	< .001
1+	72.33	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	81.64	< .001
1+	81.64	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	802.12	< .001
1+	802.12	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	917.76	< .001
1+	917.76	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	846.11	< .001
1+	846.11	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.731
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	862.59	< .001
1+	862.59	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.461
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	862.59	< .001
1+	862.59	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-15.34	-16.38	-14.3	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-6.83	-9.34	-4.32	< .001
1+	-6.07	-8.41	-3.74	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-2.06	-3.88	-0.23	.027
1+	-3.11	-4.98	-1.23	.002

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.60	-2.44	1.24	.523
1+	2.17	0.41	3.94	.032

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	9.59	6.00	13.19	< .001
1+	9.26	6.87	11.65	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-12.32	-13.57	-11.07	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.82	-8.81	-2.83	< .001
1+	-5.28	-8.12	-2.44	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.30	-1.88	2.48	> .999
1+	-0.46	-2.74	1.82	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.04	-0.16	4.24	.139
1+	-0.21	-2.36	1.94	.847

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	15.57	11.30	19.84	< .001
1+	15.92	13.03	18.80	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-13.84	-14.81	-12.87	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-6.37	-8.69	-4.05	< .001
1+	-5.68	-7.87	-3.49	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.88	-2.57	0.82	.311
1+	-1.73	-3.48	0.02	.106

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.67	-1.03	2.38	.501
1+	0.97	-0.68	2.61	.501

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	12.58	9.26	15.91	< .001
1+	12.58	10.35	14.80	< .001